Not really as far as I know. Given the 2 IP's they will know that they both are on linodes and both are in the same datacenter. If you have reverse DNS set up right (and you probably will if they're sending email), then they could look at registrations for DNS and guess. That's it though.
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I ask because I am interested in setting up a mailing list server separate from my main site, so as not to risk the spam rating of the main site. Is it necessary for these services to be split on completely different machines?
You shouldn't worry about that at all. I'd be much more worried about neighbors on your netblock spamming which can get the whole network on blacklists.